eISSN: 2299-0046
ISSN: 1642-395X
Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii
Current issue Archive Manuscripts accepted About the journal Editorial board Reviewers Abstracting and indexing Subscription Contact Instructions for authors Publication charge Ethical standards and procedures
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
4/2023
vol. 40
 
Share:
Share:
Review paper

The link between psoriasis and other diseases based on epidemiological and genetic analyses

Zygmunt Adamski
1
,
Krzysztof Kanabaj
1
,
Aleksandra Kuźniak
1

  1. Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Adv Dermatol Allergol 2023; XL (4): 496-503
Online publish date: 2023/09/01
Article file
- The link between.pdf  [0.15 MB]
Get citation
 
 

Introduction

Psoriasis has been linked to a vast number of different comorbidities. Classically it has been regarded as the disease limited to the skin; however, the more pathogenetic factors are being discovered, the wider the spectrum of its linked diseases becomes. What is undeniable is that the molecular pathways involved in psoriasis and those that lead to other diseases overlap significantly. Some of them are widely recognized by clinicians (i.e. psoriatic arthropathy, uveitis, inflammatory bowel diseases) as they share similar pathogenetic factors. Psoriasis has also been described as an independent cardiovascular risk aggravator due to chronic systemic inflammation. Some researchers even point to similar pathogenesis of the psoriatic plaque to the one found in atherosclerosis. Recent studies suggest an increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, erectile dysfunction, sleep apnoea, celiac disease, lymphomas and psychological disturbances. The complete list of comorbidities is presented in Table 1. In this review we will consider possible genetic links between psoriasis and other diseases.

Table 1

Comorbidities of psoriasis

Classic – inflammatory diseasesPsoriatic arthritis Inflammatory bowel diseases Uveitis
Metabolic disordersMetabolic syndrome
Hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Atherosclerosis
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease
Dyslipidaemia
Sleep apnoea
Immune-related diseasesCeliac disease
NeoplasmsLymphomata
OthersErectile dysfunction
Parkinson’s disease
Osteoporosis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Psychological disordersPsychiatric disorders, sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, suicidal behaviour
Smoking habit, alcoholism

Psoriasis and classic inflammatory diseases

Psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases

The link between inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and psoriasis has been observed for decades. The research published in 2022 suggests that there is a link between IBD and both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Patients with psoriasis have a greater risk of developing IBD that include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) [1]. Both diseases share similar treatment patterns and are often treated with immunosuppressants. Other common features are epidemiological characteristics, genetic susceptibility loci and immune mechanisms [2].

Frieder et al. found that biologics inhibiting the interleukin (IL) 17 (IL-17) pathway proved effective in treating psoriasis and PsA. However, concerns have been raised about their potential to exacerbate IBD symptoms [3]. Some authors report that these drugs may induce CD or UC [4, 5].

In 1990 Lee et al. suggested a genetic link between psoriasis and CD and proposed that extraintestinal symptoms of CD should include psoriasis [6]. Li et al. tested psoriasis sample sets for 5q31 variants associated with psoriasis and CD showing a strong relationship [7].

Psoriasis and uveitis

The association between psoriasis and eye disorders has been observed for a long time, especially in the case of PsA. In 1976, the relationship between uveitis and PsA was first described by Lambert and Wright [8]. Uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea, which consists of three areas: the iris, the choroid and the ciliary body. The coexistence of inflammation is also observed in uveitis with psoriasis regardless of arthritis [9]. Uveitis is most common in patients with PsA and its concomitance with pustular psoriasis is often observed [10]. The HLA-B*27 is a common risk locus for PsA and uveitis [11]. HLA haplotypes such as the HLA-B51 gene were found in patients with psoriasis and uveitis [12]. Chandran et al. found a prevalence of uveitis in 2% of patients with psoriasis, regardless of the severity of the dermatosis [13]. Durrani et al. suggest the isolation of a separate clinical entity – the so-called psoriatic uveitis [14]. Paiva et al. reported that 67% of patients with PsA and uveitis were HLA-B27 positive [15]. Therefore, certain cytokines play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and uveitis: tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-17, IL-23, IL-22, IL-12, IL-6, and helper T cells (Th1, Th17) [16, 17]. Köse et al. found that psoriasis-associated uveitis can be chronic, bilateral, with heavy progression and a high relapse rate. Thus, the dermatologists must be vigilant and refer their psoriasis patients to an ophthalmologist for periodic checkups even if they exhibit no ocular symptoms [18].

Psoriasis and metabolic disorders

Psoriasis and atherosclerosis

The relationship between psoriasis and increased risk of cardiovascular events has been well documented. The issue was addressed in European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention [19]. Due to common pathogenetic pathways involving chronic inflammation and Th1 and Th17 activation, a link between the two comorbidities is observed [20]. The IL-23 gene rs2066808 polymorphism was associated with an increased incidence of psoriasis [21] and premature coronary artery disease [22]. On the other hand, a SNP rs11209026 G/A in IL-23R (with reduced receptor signal transmission) was described to be protective against atherosclerosis progression [23].

In 2021 Su et al. identified common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of atherosclerosis and psoriasis in gene expression profiles downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, which pointed out 16 hub genes in the pathogenesis of both conditions – LYN, CSF2RB, IL1RN, RAC2, CCL5, IRF8, C1QB, MMP9, PLEK, PTPRC, FYB, BCL2A1, LCP2, CD53, NCF2 and TLR2 [24].

Psoriasis and obesity

The link between obesity and psoriasis has been long observed. Recent meta-analyses proved that a higher body mass index (BMI) increased the odds ratio of psoriasis occurrence. Moreover, obesity itself exacerbated psoriasis severity and was linked to lower response in patients treated with anti-TNF-α agents. Reduction in one’s body mass results in reduction of skin lesion severity [25].

According to one study, BMI of > 35 kg/m2 was associated with an increased odds ratio (OR) of 2.69 of psoriasis development in women [26]. Obesity is associated with higher blood serum leptin and resistin levels; interestingly, obese psoriatic patients had higher levels of the two hormones compared to obese non-psoriatic individuals [27].

In 2016 Greb et al. as well as Naito and Imafuku performed an epidemiological study on the association between the two [28, 29], which was later identified as causality in a Mendelian Randomization Study performed by Ogawa et al. in 2019 [30].

In 2022 Kisielnicka et al. found an association between psoriasis and obesity in the population of Polish patients; polymorphisms of 11 different genes were identified to have an impact on the patients’ BMI, namely seven of them (rs1558902 in the FTO gene, rs696574 in CALCRL gene, rs10968110, rs4551082, rs4609724, rs9320269, and rs2338833 in unidentified genes) may cause an increase in BMI among all psoriatic patients and four genetic variants (rs1556519 in ITLN2 gene, rs12972098 in AC003006.7 gene, rs12676670 in PAG1 gene, and rs1321529) may decrease the BMI value [31]. The FTO gene was associated with a higher risk of obesity and higher PASI score in patients with psoriasis [32]. The polymorphisms of TNF-238G/A, TNF-308G/A, IL10-1082G/A, TNFAIP3, and MC4R genes were linked to a higher obesity rate in both control and psoriatic groups and with a higher risk of PsA in the latter [33]. Moreover, alleles of leptin, leptin receptor, adiponectin and omentin were linked to earlier psoriasis onset and its higher severity [34].

Psoriasis and hypertension

Some nation-wide studies have been performed in order to properly address the issue of hypertension in patients with psoriasis. The meta-analysis performed by Armstrong et al. found the OR of developing hypertension to be 1.49 for severe and 1.30 for mild psoriasis compared to individuals without the disease [35]. Another population study by Kim et al. showed the OR to be 1.54 (and 1.18 when adjusting the results for comorbidities of dyslipidaemia, diabetes, antihypertensive medication, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and sociodemographic factors) [36]. A French observational study showed that 26% of patients with psoriasis had hypertension [37].

Psoriasis and fatty liver disease

Up to 65% of patients with psoriasis were reported to suffer from non-alcoholic (or metabolic associated) fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [38]. A meta-analysis performed in 2022 addressed an OR of 2.03 for development of NAFLD compared to patients without psoriasis, however, no causality could be proven [39].

Psoriasis and diabetes mellitus

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were found to be more insulin resistant than non-diabetics [40]. Wan et al. conducted an epidemiological study of patients with psoriasis and compared it to the control group. Comprising a group of 280 individuals with diabetes and psoriasis and 1867 with diabetes and without skin lesions, having adjusted the groups for age, sex and body mass index, the odds ratios (with 95% CI) for developing diabetes were 1.21 (1.01–1.44), 1.01 (0.81–1.26), and 1.64 (1.23–2.18) in the ≤ 2% BSA, 3–10% BSA, and > 10% BSA groups, respectively [41]. The common genetic background of psoriasis and T2DM were found in several loci related to psoriasis – to name PSORS2, PSORS3, and PSORS4 [42]. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the CDKAL1 gene was associated with a higher diabetes incidence and higher risk of psoriasis [43]. Other studies proved a link between some variants of IL-12B, IL-23R, IL-23A and higher susceptibility to both diseases [44]. An interesting study found a link in their common pathogenesis; a group of researchers led by Xiaohong investigated the STING-IRF3 pathway in mice and found a link between its upregulation and the development of psoriasis and diabetes mellitus [45]. Pleiotropy refers to a phenomenon based on the influence of a single gene on different phenotypes or various diseases. A fine example in psoriasis is the IL23R gene polymorphism. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the 1p31.3 region were detected within the locus of the IL23R gene encoding the IL23 receptor p19 subunit [46], which were associated with an increased risk of psoriasis, CD, PsA and ankylosing spondylitis [47]. Chen et al. [48] found the association between IL-23R gene polymorphisms and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, as well as left ventricular hypertrophy in the Chinese population [49]. It is worth noting that IL-23 is a heterodimer composed of a distinct p19 subunit and a p40 subunit that is shared with IL-12 [50]. The receptor complex for IL-12/IL-23 is expressed on natural killer (NK) and T cells, as well as on cells of the myelomonocytic lineage which includes dendritic cells [51]. The role of the IL-12/IL-23 pathway is proven by effectiveness in treatment of psoriasis with human monoclonal antibodies targeted against these cytokines (ustekinumab) [52]. The role of the aforementioned TNFAIP3 (TNF-α-induced protein 3) gene has been discovered in psoriasis and type 1 diabetes [53], rheumatoid arthritis [54], coronary artery disease [55], celiac disease [56], IBD [57], systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [58] and chronic sinusitis [59]. However, each of these units correlates with a different polymorphism within TNFAIP3. The aforementioned TRAF3IP2 was also found to be linked with higher susceptibility for PsA [60].

Psoriasis and sleep apnoea

Both psoriasis and sleep apnoea are considered to be inflammation-mediated conditions and are linked with general higher mortality [61]. A nation-wide Danish study assessed the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) between psoriasis and sleep apnoea. The IRRs (with 95% confidence intervals) for sleep apnoea were 1.30 (1.17–1.44), 1.65 (1.23–2.22), and 1.75 (1.35–2.26) for patients with mild, severe psoriasis and PsA, respectively [62]. In a review based on numerous observational studies the prevalence of the sleep apnoea syndrome in psoriatic patients varied between 36% and 81.8%, compared with a ratio of 3-7% in the general population [63].

Immune-related diseases

Psoriasis and celiac disease

Many studies have attempted to find a link between psoriasis and celiac disease, but the results have not been conclusive. Acharya et al. conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of available reports to assess the relationship between psoriasis vulgaris and celiac disease. In patients with psoriasis, the occurrence of celiac disease is determined by the OD of 2.16, while in patients with celiac disease, the occurrence of psoriasis is determined by the OD of 1.8. They found a significant association between psoriasis and CD. Therefore, in patients with psoriasis, who report gastrointestinal complaints, there are indications for including celiac disease in the differential diagnosis [64].

Researchers emphasize that a gluten-free diet may be helpful in some patients with psoriasis. In people with celiac disease, a gluten-free diet does not only relieve gastrointestinal symptoms, but also reduces the severity of psoriasis [65].

Psoriasis and cancers

Psoriasis and lymphoma

Patients with psoriasis are at increased risk of several types of lymphomas.

Researchers found a significantly higher risk of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in patients with psoriasis. However, the absolute risk of developing lymphoma associated with psoriasis is low [66]. CTCL affects approximately 0.4–1.0/100,000 individuals per year [6769] and HF about 2–3 in 100,000 people [70, 71].

In the United States as well as in Europe, there have been many previous studies on the risk of lymphoma in patients with psoriasis [72, 73]. Trafford et al. conducted a meta-analysis assessing the impact of psoriasis, especially severe psoriasis, on the development of cancer. The most specific locations of neoplastic processes in patients are: colon (RR = 1.18), colorectum (RR = 1.34), kidney (RR = 1.58), larynx (RR = 1.79), liver (RR = 1.83), oesophagus (RR = 2.05), oral cavity (RR = 2.80), and pancreas (RR = 1.41). The study also found that mortality from carcinomas of the liver, pancreas and oesophagus was elevated in people with severe psoriasis [74]. The co-occurrence with other forms of blood neoplasms has also been brought into attention [75]. It is hard to deduct whether it is psoriasis itself or common psoriasis treatments, such as UVR and immune-suppressing medications that may be associated with a higher risk of cancer.

Others

Psoriasis and erectile disorder

Potency disorders or impotence are most often defined as the inability to obtain and maintain an erection sufficient for a satisfactory sexual intercourse. The low incidence of psoriatic lesions in the genital area does not explain the dangerous prevalence of sexual dysfunction [76]. Gupta et al. (1997) found that erectile dysfunction was present in 40.8% of patients with psoriasis [77]. Patients with psoriasis are more likely to experience depression, decreased libido and low self-esteem [78]. Kêdra et al. investigated to what degree psoriasis, its severity, location and extent of skin lesions affect sexual dysfunction. They showed that the use of approved scales in dermatology (such as DLQI – Dermatology Life Quality Index, IIEF – International Index of Erectile Dysfunction, PASI – Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) should contribute to the quick identification of patients with sexual dysfunctions [79].

The researchers analysed data from 28 studies involving more than 52,520 patients with psoriasis and 1,806,022 million people without psoriasis. Five of eight studies have shown an association between erectile dysfunction and psoriasis [80].

Psoriasis and Parkinson’s disease (PD)

For this purpose, the Parkinson’s risk database was analysed during the 5-year observation period after the diagnosis of psoriasis, using population data from Taiwan. The researchers identified 4,885 patients with psoriasis and randomly selected 24,425 patients as a control cohort. Compared to the general population, psoriasis patients had a hazard ratio of 1.74 regardless of the patient’s sex. Limitations of the study included the lack of information on the severity of psoriasis or on specific factors such as smoking, body mass index, alcohol consumption and dietary patterns [81].

In 2022, Li et al. found that psoriasis accelerates the overall progression of PD and increases the risk of depression and dementia associated with PD. The aim of the investigators was to assess the causal role of psoriasis in the progression of PD in a Mendelian randomization study [82].

Psoriasis and osteoporosis

There are few studies showing a possible link between psoriasis and reduced bone mineral density. A relationship between the two is based on common inflammatory factors in their pathogenesis, specifically TNF-α and IL-6.

In 2009, Dreiher et al. were the first to assess the relationship between psoriasis and osteoporosis. The incidence of osteoporosis was significantly higher in men with psoriasis compared to the control group (3.1% vs. 1.7%, OR = 1.86, p < 0.001), whereas no such relationship was found in women [83].

Pietrzak et al. discovered increased levels of TNF-α in patients with active psoriasis lesions, just as there was a correlation between serum TNF-α concentration and PASI score [84]. It has been found that TNF-α can stimulate the development of osteoclasts, thereby enhancing bone resorption. In addition, bone resorption is also stimulated by IL-6 [85]. Another factor that suggests a possible relationship between the two is osteopontin [86]. Some researchers suggest that anti-psoriatic therapy may have an impact on the course of osteoporosis. UVB phototherapy leads to improvement of the local skin condition, increases serum vitamin D concentration, but also has a beneficial effect on the bones by increasing bone mineral density [87]. Patients with PsA had significantly lower mineral density compared to people with psoriasis without arthritis [88].

Psoriasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Psoriasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are caused by similar factors. Some drugs (phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors) are used in psoriasis, PsA and COPD alike [89].

In 2008, Dreiher et al. reported that COPD is more common in patients with psoriasis than in the control group (5.7% vs. 3.6%) [90].

In 2016, Ungprasert et al. showed that for patients with psoriasis the risk of developing COPD is 1.45 times higher than in the control group by evaluating a total of 7 studies and 331,347 patients [91].

Li et al. analysed 13,000 patients from four observational studies that also showed this association, but the risk was higher, particularly among patients with severe psoriasis [92].

In 2016, Balci et al. analysed spirometric parameters in patients with psoriasis compared to the control group. The mean ratio (FEV1/FVC) and FEF25–75% (forced expiratory flow) were significantly lower in patients with psoriasis than in the control group [93].

Psychological disorders

Psoriasis and psychiatric disorders, depression and anxiety

The link between chronic stress and exacerbations or development of many different diseases has been long observed [94] and up to 72% of patients with psoriasis experience a major psychological stress around 1 month prior to the onset of psoriatic lesions [95].

Truzzi et al. reports the following psychiatric conditions among psoriatic patients: sleep disorders (average prevalence of 62.0%), sexual dysfunction (45.6%), personality (35.0%), anxiety (30.4%), adjustment (29.0%), and depressive (27.6%) disorders [96]. An elevated risk of suicidal behaviour has also been described [96, 97].

Some studies show an increased prevalence of schizophrenia in psoriatic patients and a higher tendency to develop psoriasis among patients with schizophrenia [98100]. The cumulative risk of developing psoriasis was 2.82% in patients with schizophrenia compared to 1.17% in those without the disease [101].

Another study assessed the risk for patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders to develop psoriasis or PsA and found no correlation between them [102].

The review conducted by Stewart et al. assessed a probable association between different measures of psychological stress, as well as onset, recurrence and severity of psoriasis [103], however, due to the scarcity of large population studies, the link between psyche and soma in psoriasis needs to be evaluated in further research.

Psoriasis and addictions

A study performed in Germany by Schielein et al. [104] shows that psoriasis patients share a greater tendency of several addictions compared to their peers without the dermatosis; that includes daily smoking (30.3% vs. 15.1%), alcohol dependence (8.6% vs. 3.1%), pathological gambling (1.2% vs. 0.2%), and legal or illegal drug abuse (6.0% vs. 3.2–5.2%) [105].

Conclusions

Psoriasis is a multidisciplinary disease not only affecting the skin, but also nearly all systems of the human body. The increased risk of psoriasis patients to develop different systemic disorders encourages dermatologists to look beyond the skin, whereas physicians of other specialties should efficiently refer patients with psoriasis to a dermatologist to properly address the patient’s needs.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

1 

Freuer D, Linseisen J, Meisinger C. Association between inflammatory bowel disease and both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a bidirectional 2-sample mendelian randomization study. JAMA Dermatol 2022; 158: 1262-8.

2 

Ju J, Dai Y, Yang J, et al. Crohn’s disease exacerbated by IL-17 inhibitors in patients with psoriasis: a case report. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20: 340.

3 

Frieder J, Kivelevitch D, Haugh I, et al. Anti-IL-23 and anti-IL-17 biologic agents for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory conditions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 103: 88-101.

4 

Targan SR, Feagan B, Vermeire S, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study of brodalumab in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111: 1599-607.

5 

Egeberg A, Mallbris L, Warren RB, et al. Association between psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease – a Danish nationwide cohort study. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175: 487-92.

6 

Lee FI, Bellary SV, Francis C. Increased occurrence of psoriasis in patients with Crohn’s disease and their relatives. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 962-3.

7 

Li Y, Chang M, Schrodi SJ, et al. The 5q31 variants associated with psoriasis and Crohn’s disease are distinct. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17: 2978-85.

8 

Lambert JR, Wright V. Eye inflammation in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1976; 35: 354-6.

9 

Knox DL. Psoriasis and intraocular inflammation. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1979; 77: 210-24.

10 

Erbagci I, Erbagci Z, Gungor K, et al. Ocular anterior segment pathologies and tear film changes in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Acta Med Okayama 2003; 57: 299-303.

11 

Wakefield D, Montanaro A, McCluskey P. Acute anterior uveitis and HLA-B27. Surv Ophthalmol 1991; 36: 223-32.

12 

Fraga NA, Oliveira Mde F, Follador I, et al. Psoriasis and uveitis: a literature review. An Bras Dermatol 2012; 87: 877-83.

13 

Chandran NS, Greaves M, Gao F, et al. Psoriasis and the eye: prevalence of eye disease in Singaporean Asian patients with psoriasis. J Dermatol 2007; 34: 805-10.

14 

Durrani K, Foster CS. Psoriatic uveitis: a distinct clinical entity? Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 139: 106-11.

15 

Paiva ES, Macaluso DC, Edwards A, et al. Characterisation of uveitis in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59: 67-70.

16 

Fotiadou C, Lazaridou E. Psoriasis and uveitis: links and risks. Psoriasis 2019; 9: 91-6.

17 

Di Cesare A, Di Meglio P, Nestle FO. The IL-23/Th17 axis in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129: 1339-50.

18 

Köse B, Uzlu D, Erdöl H. Psoriasis and uveitis. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 42: 2303-10.

19 

Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J 2016; 37: 2315-81.

20 

Garshick MS, Ward NL, Krueger JG, et al. Cardiovascular risk in patients with psoriasis: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 77: 1670-80.

21 

Chen H, Poon A, Yeung C, et al. A genetic risk score combining ten psoriasis risk loci improves disease prediction. PLoS One 2011; 6: e19454.

22 

Vázquez-Vázquez C, Posadas-Sánchez R, Pérez-Hernández N, et al. The rs2066808 polymorphism located near the IL-23A gene is associated with premature coronary artery disease in Mexican population (GEA Study). DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38: 880-6.

23 

Kave M, Shadman M, Alizadeh A, et al. Analysis of the association between IL-23R rs11209026 polymorphism and incidence of atherosclerosis. Int J Immunogenet 2015; 42: 341-5.

24 

Su W, Zhao Y, Wei Y, et al. Exploring the pathogenesis of psoriasis complicated with atherosclerosis via microarray data analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12: 667690.

25 

Paroutoglou K, Papadavid E, Christodoulatos GS, Dalamaga M. Deciphering the association between psoriasis and obesity: current evidence and treatment considerations. Curr Obes Rep 2020; 9: 165-78.

26 

Setty AR, Curhan G, Choi HK. Obesity, waist circumference, weight change, and the risk of psoriasis in women: nurses’ health study II. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1670-5.

27 

Barrea L, Nappi F, Di SC, et al. Environmental risk factors in psoriasis: the point of view of the nutritionist. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13: 743.

28 

Greb JE, Goldminz AM, Elder JT, et al. Psoriasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2: 16082.

29 

Naito R, Imafuku S. Distinguishing features of body mass index and psoriasis in men and women in Japan: a hospital-based case-control study. J Dermatol 2016; 43: 1406-11.

30 

Ogawa K, Stuart PE, Tsoi LC, et al. A transethnic mendelian randomization study identifies causality of obesity on risk of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139: 1397-400.

31 

Kisielnicka A, Sobalska-Kwapis M, Purzycka-Bohdan D, et al. The analysis of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of overweight and obesity in psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23: 7396.

32 

Tupikowska-Marzec M, Kolačkov K, Zdrojowy-Wełna A, et al. The influence of FTO polymorphism rs9939609 on obesity, some clinical features, and disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism in patients with psoriasis. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019: 7304345.

33 

Voiculescu VM, Solomon I, Popa A, et al. Gene polymorphisms of TNF-238G/A, TNF-308G/A, IL10-1082G/A, TNFAIP3, and MC4R and comorbidity occurrence in a Romanian population with psoriasis. J Med Life 2018; 11: 69-74.

34 

Piaserico S, Orlando G, Messina F. Psoriasis and cardiometabolic diseases: shared genetic and molecular pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23: 9063.

35 

Armstrong AW, Harskamp CT, Armstrong EJ. The association between psoriasis and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Hypertens 2013; 31: 433-42.

36 

Kim HN, Han K, Song SW, Lee JH. Hypertension and risk of psoriasis incidence: an 11-year nationwide population-based cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0202854.

37 

Phan C, Sigal ML, Lhafa M, et al.; GEM Resopso. Metabolic comorbidities and hypertension in psoriasis patients in France. Comparisons with French national databases. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2016; 143: 264-74.

38 

Balak DMW, Piaserico S, Kasujee I. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with psoriasis: a review of the hepatic effects of systemic therapies. Psoriasis 2021; 11: 151-68.

39 

Näslund-Koch C, Bojesen SE, Gluud LL, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is not a causal risk factor for psoriasis: a Mendelian randomization study of 108,835 individuals. Front Immunol 2022; 13: 1022460.

40 

Gyldenløve M, Storgaard H, Holst JJ, et al. Patients with psoriasis are insulin resistant. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 72: 599-605.

41 

Wan MT, Shin DB, Hubbard RA, et al. Psoriasis and the risk of diabetes: a prospective population-based cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 78: 315-22.e1.

42 

Azfar RS, Gelfand JM. Psoriasis and metabolic disease: epidemiology and pathophysiology. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008; 20: 416-22.

43 

Li Y, Liao W, Chang M, et al. Further genetic evidence for three psoriasis-risk genes: ADAM33, CDKAL1, and PTPN22. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129: 629-34.

44 

Eirís N, González-Lara L, Santos-Juanes J, et al. Genetic variation at IL12B, IL23R and IL23A is associated with psoriasis severity, psoriatic arthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 75: 167-72.

45 

Xiaohong L, Zhenting Z, Yunjie Y, et al. Activation of the STING-IRF3 pathway involved in psoriasis with diabetes mellitus. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26: 2139-51.

46 

Cargill M, Schrodi SJ, Chang M, et al. A largescale genetic association study confirms IL12B and leads to the identification of IL23R as psoriasis-risk genes. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80: 273-90.

47 

Rueda B, Orozco G, Raya E, et al. The IL23R Arg381gln non-synonymous polymorphism confers susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67: 1451-4.

48 

Chen Y, Zhou B, Peng Y, t al. Interleukin-23 receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with dilated cardiomyopathy in Chinese Han population. Tissue Antigens 2009; 73: 330-4.

49 

Markó L, Kvakan H, Park JK, et al. Interferon-γ signaling inhibition ameliorates angiotensin II-induced cardiac damage. Hypertension 2012; 60: 1430-6.

50 

Lee E, Trepicchio WL, Oestreicher JL, et al. Increased expression of interleukin 23 p19 and p40 in lesional skin of patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Exp Med 2004; 199: 125-30.

51 

Parham C, Chirica M, Timans J, et al. A receptor for the heterodimeric cytokine IL-23 is composed of IL-12Rbeta1 and a novel cytokine receptor subunit, IL-23R. J Immunol 2002; 168: 5699-708.

52 

Glassman CR, Mathiharan YK, Jude KM, et al. Structural basis for IL-12 and IL-23 receptor sharing reveals a gateway for shaping actions on T versus NK cells. Cell 2021; 184: 983-99.e24.

53 

Fung EY, Smyth DJ, Howson JM, et al. Analysis of 17 autoimmune disease-associated variants in type 1 diabetes identifies 6q23/TNFAIP3 as a susceptibility locus. Genes Immun 2009; 10: 188-91.

54 

Plenge RM, Cotsapas C, Davies L, et al. Two independent alleles at 6q23 associated with risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet 2007; 39: 1477-82.

55 

Boonyasrisawat W, Eberle D, Bacci S, et al. Tag polymorphisms at the A20 (TNFAIP3) locus are associated with lower gene expression and increased risk of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2007; 56: 499-505.

56 

Trynka G, Zhernakova A, Romanos J, et al. Coeliac disease-associated risk variants in TNFAIP3 and REL implicate altered NF-kappaB signalling. Gut 2009; 58: 1078-83.

57 

Kooloos WM, de Jong DJ, Huizinga TW, et al. Potential role of pharmacogenetics in anti-TNF treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease. Drug Discov Today 2007; 12: 125-31.

58 

Graham RR, Cotsapas C, Davies L, et al. Genetic variants near TNFAIP3 on 6q23 are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Genet 2008; 40: 1059-61.

59 

Cormier C, Bosse Y, Mfuna L, et al. Polymorphisms in the tumour necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) gene are associated with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 38: 133-41.

60 

Hüffmeier U, Uebe S, Ekici AB, et al. Common variants at TRAF3IP2 are associated with susceptibility to psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis. Nat Genet 2010; 42: 996-9.

61 

Badran M, Ayas N, Laher I. Insights into obstructive sleep apnea research. Sleep Med 2014; 15: 485-95.

62 

Egeberg A, Khalid U, Gislason GH, et al. Psoriasis and sleep apnea: a Danish Nationwide Cohort Study. J Clin Sleep Med 2016; 12: 663-71.

63 

Halioua B, Chelli C, Misery L, et al. Sleep disorders and psoriasis: an update. Acta Derm Venereol 2022; 102: adv00699.

64 

Acharya P, Mathur M. Association between psoriasis and celiac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 82: 1376-85.

65 

Michaëlsson G, Gerdén B, Hagforsen E, et al. Psoriasis patients with antibodies to gliadin can be improved by a gluten-free diet. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142: 44-51.

66 

Gelfand JM, Shin DB, Neimann AL, et al. The risk of lymphoma in patients with psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126: 2194-201.

67 

Willemze R, Kerl H, Sterry W, et al. EORTC classification for primary cutaneous lymphomas: a proposal from the Cutaneous Lymphoma Study Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Blood 1997; 90: 354-71.

68 

Kim EJ, Hess S, Richardson SK, et al. Immunopathogenesis and therapy of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 798-812.

69 

Bagherani N, Smoller BR. An overview of cutaneous T cell lymphomas. F1000Res 2016; 5: F1000 Faculty Rev-1882.

70 

Kurczab P, Czyż A, Turska E, et al. Early and late follow-up of patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Recommendations of the Polish Lymphoma Research Group. Oncol Clin Pract 2015; 11: 300-9.

71 

Kaseb H, Babiker HM. Hodgkin Lymphoma. 2022 Jul 10. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan–. PMID: 29763144.

72 

Stern RS, Väkevä LH; PUVA Follow-up Study. Noncutaneous malignant tumors in the PUVA follow-up study: 1975-1996. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 108: 897-900.

73 

Becker N, Deeg E, Rüdiger T, Nieters A. Medical history and risk for lymphoma: results of a population-based case-control study in Germany. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 133-42.

74 

Trafford AM, Parisi R, Kontopantelis E, et al. Association of psoriasis with the risk of developing or dying of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 2019; 155: 1390-403.

75 

Słomiak-Wąsik A, Jałowska M, Iwanik K, et al. Erythrodermic psoriasis de novo versus skin lesions in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Adv Dermatol Allergol 2020; 37: 277-9.

76 

Duarte GV, Calmon H, Radel G, et al. Psoriasis and sexual dysfunction: links, risks, and management challenges. Psoriasis 2018; 8: 93-9.

77 

Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Psoriasis and sex: a study of moderately to severely affected patients. Int J Dermatol 1997; 36: 259-62.

78 

Wojciechowska-Zdrojowy M, Reich A, Szepietowski JC, et al. Analysis of sexual problems in men with psoriasis. J Sex Marital Ther 2018; 44: 737-45.

79 

Kêdra K, Janeczko K, Michalik I, et al. Sexual dysfunction in women and men with psoriasis: a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. Medicina 2022; 58: 1443.

80 

Molina-Leyva A, Salvador-Rodriguez L, Martinez-Lopez A, et al. Association between psoriasis and sexual and erectile dysfunction in epidemiologic studies: a systematic review. JAMA Dermatol 2019; 155: 98-106.

81 

Sheu JJ, Wang KH, Lin HC, et al. Psoriasis is associated with an increased risk of parkinsonism: a population-based 5-year follow-up study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 68: 992-9.

82 

Li C, Li X, Lin J, et al. Psoriasis and progression of Parkinson’s disease: a Mendelian randomization study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36: 2401-5.

83 

Dreiher J, Weitzman D, Cohen AD. Psoriasis and osteoporosis: a sex-specific association? J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129: 1643-9.

84 

Pietrzak AT, Zalewska A, Chodorowska G, et al. Cytokines and anticytokines in psoriasis. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 394: 7-21.

85 

Kastelan D, Kastelan M, Massari LP, et al. Possible association of psoriasis and reduced bone mineral density due to increased TNF-alpha and IL-6 concentrations. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67: 1403-5.

86 

Chen YJ, Shen JL, Wu CY, et al. Elevated plasma osteopontin level is associated with occurrence of psoriasis and is an unfavorable cardiovascular risk factor in patients with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60: 225-30.

87 

Osmancevic A, Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Larkö O, et al. Risk factors for osteoporosis and bone status in postmenopausal women with psoriasis treated with UVB therapy. Acta Derm Venereol 2008; 88: 240-6.

88 

Millard TP, Antoniades L, Evans AV, et al. Bone mineral density of patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001; 26: 446-8.

89 

Quartuccio L, Sebastiani M, Spinelli FR, et al. More than a random association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and psoriatic arthritis: shared pathogenic features and implications for treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18: 983-90.

90 

Dreiher J, Weitzman D, Shapiro J, et al. Psoriasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case control study. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159: 956-60.

91 

Ungprasert P, Srivali N, Thongprayoon C. Association between psoriasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dermatolog Treat 2016; 27: 316-21.

92 

Li X, Kong L, Li F, et al. Association between psoriasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0145221.

93 

Balci DD, Celik E, Genc S, et al. Impaired pulmonary function in patients with psoriasis. Dermatology 2016; 232: 664-7.

94 

McEwen BS. Brain on stress: how the social environment gets under the skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109 (Suppl 2): 17180-5.

95 

Polenghi MM, Molinari E, Gala C, et al. Experience with psoriasis in a psychosomatic dermatology clinic. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl 1994; 186: 65-6.

96 

Truzzi F, Marconi A, Atzei P, et al. p75 neurotrophin receptor mediates apoptosis in transit-amplifying cells and its overexpression restores cell death in psoriatic keratinocytes. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18: 948-58.

97 

Ferreira BR, Pio-Abreu JL, Reis JP, Figueiredo A. Analysis of the prevalence of mental disorders in psoriasis: the relevance of psychiatric assessment in dermatology. Psychiatr Danub 2017; 29: 401-6.

98 

Yin X, Wineinger NE, Wang K, et al. Common susceptibility variants are shared between schizophrenia and psoriasis in the Han Chinese population. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41: 413-21.

99 

Ungprasert P, Wijarnpreecha K, Cheungpasitporn W. Patients with psoriasis have a higher risk of schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Postgrad Med 2019; 65: 141-5.

100 

Chen SJ, Chao YL, Chen CY, et al. Prevalence of autoimmune diseases in in-patients with schizophrenia: nationwide population-based study. Br J Psychiatry 2012; 200: 374-80.

101 

Hedemann TL, Liu X, Kang CN, Husain MI. Associations between psoriasis and mental illness: an update for clinicians. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2022; 75: 30-7.

102 

Carvalho AF, Machado MO, Mallia E, et al. The association between schizophrenia spectrum disorders and psoriasis: a large-scale population-based case-control study. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185: 443-5.

103 

Stewart TJ, Tong W, Whitfeld MJ. The associations between psychological stress and psoriasis: a systematic review. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57: 1275-82.

104 

Schielein MC, Tizek L, Knobloch L, et al. Psoriasis and addiction: assessing mental health based on a cross-sectional study in Germany. Eur J Dermatol 2021; 31: 722-9.

105 

Erbas B, Buchner UG. Pathological gambling: prevalence, diagnosis, comorbidity, and intervention in Germany. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2012; 109: 173-9.

Copyright: © 2023 Termedia Sp. z o. o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
 
Quick links
© 2024 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Bentus.